杉木第3代种子园多元素配方施肥效应研究

杉木种子园为培育高产稳产杉木良种提供重要保障,在林业生产中具有积极意义。通过试验研究,探究杉木3代种子园土壤养分丰缺情况、养分间的平衡规律,确定杉木种子园最佳肥料配比和施肥量,以期为闽北低山丘陵红壤分布区杉木种子园提供推荐施肥配方。采用“3414”配方施肥设计方案,对闽北第3代杉木种子园开展N、P、K、Ca、Mg、B、Mo等元素施肥试验。分别设计大量元素氮、磷、钾三因素施肥水平（并增设施用钼肥处理）、中微量元素钙、镁、硼三因素施肥水平,以球果数量（质量）、出籽率、种子产量、胸径等为评价指标,拟合肥料效应函数方程,研究各养分间的作用规律,并提出最佳施肥配比和施肥量。结果表明：种子园土壤N、P、K、Ca、Mg养分含量较低,B含量属于中等水平,而Mo含量较高;N、P、Mg以及N-K、Ca-B肥料联合对种子园产量的影响达到显著或极显著水平,而单施某一肥料效应较小,其中单施K、Ca、B几乎没有效果,而肥料联合施用效果较好。综合效应分析结果,得出种子园最大产量施肥量组合为：每株施尿素100 g+过磷酸钙897 g+氯化钾150 g+石灰150 g+硫酸镁105 g+硼砂75 g,并配施钼肥。N、P₂O₅、K₂O、CaO、Mg、B、Mo的用量依次为46.0、107.7、90.0、75.0、31.4、2.3、5.0 g,其配比为N:P₂O₅:K₂O:CaO:Mg:B:Mo=1.0:2.3:2.0:1.6:0.7:0.05:0.1。多元素配方施肥能很好地改善杉木种子园产量和质量,单株球果产量、球果单粒重、出籽率及种子园产量等指标均比不施肥的母树有大幅度提高。本研究施肥方案,理论上种子园产量可达45.99~95.65 g/株,大量元素施肥试验的产量达到理论产量的80%~86%,中微量元素施肥试验的产量为理论产量的70%左右。现实种子园平均产量大约是预测产量的40%,通过合理配方施肥有望大幅度提高杉木3代种子园产量。     

Expression of Anti-Lipopolysaccharide Factor Isoform 3 in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Showing High Antimicrobial Activity

Antimicrobial peptides are a class of proteins with antibacterial functions. In this study, the anti-lipopolysaccharide factor isoform 3 gene (ALFPm3), encoding an antimicrobial peptide from Penaeus monodon with a super activity was expressed in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, which would develop a microalga strain that can be used for the antimicrobial peptide production. To construct the expression cluster, namely pH2A-Pm3, the codon optimized ALFPm3 gene was fused with the ble reporter by 2A peptide and inserted into pH124 vector. The glass-bead method was performed to transform pH2A-Pm3 into C. reinhardtii CC-849. In addition to 8 μg/mL zeocin resistance selection, the C. reinhardtii transformants were further confirmed by genomic PCR and RT-PCR. Western blot analysis showed that the C. reinhardtii-derived ALFPm3 (cALFPm3) was successfully expressed in C. reinhardtii transformants and accounted for 0.35% of the total soluble protein (TSP). Furthermore, the results of antibacterial assay revealed that the cALFPm3 could significantly inhibit the growth of a variety of bacteria, including both Gram-negative bacteria and Gram-positive bacteria at a concentration of 0.77 μM. Especially, the inhibition could last longer than 24 h, which performed better than ampicillin. Hence, this study successfully developed a transgenic C. reinhardtii strain, which can produce the active ALFPm3 driven from P. monodon, providing a potential strategy to use C. reinhardtii as the cell factory to produce antimicrobial peptides.     

抗青枯病花生种质资源的鉴定与筛选

为筛选适宜河南省信阳市种植的抗青枯病花生品种,对27份花生品种青枯病田间病圃进行鉴定,计算其发病率和病情指数,从而进行抗病性鉴定和筛选。结果表明,27个供试品种中,中高抗品种共10个占总数的37%,3个品种类型各筛选出2个抗病品种。6个抗病品种发病规律表明,7天和14天病情指数增长较快,21天后基本无变化。高油型花生‘远杂9102’和‘信花425’,高油酸型花生‘信花14号’和‘驻花11号’,普通型花生‘远杂21号’和‘豫花149号’为适宜信阳种植的抗病品种。     

镇江长江豚类省级自然保护区水域生态修复效果的监测与评价

自2006年以来,长江豚类极度濒危的生存状况得到广泛关注,在其自然保护区实施一系列生态修复工程,为镇江长江豚类省级自然保护区内的江豚提供良好的生存环境。于2015—2018年在和畅洲水域建设生态浮岛、人工鱼巢和放流底栖动物进行水域生态修复,对生态修复工程进行跟踪监测和效果评价。结果表明：生态浮岛的建设可提高区域内浮游植物和浮游动物的生物多样性和群落结构复杂程度;人工鱼巢对产黏性卵鱼类具有一定增殖效果,增殖种类主要为鲤、鲫、䱗和黄尾鲴;生态浮岛和人工鱼巢的建设对鱼类均有较好的聚集效果;底栖动物增殖放流显著增加了放流物种的丰度、生物量及保护区底栖动物群落生物量,增殖放流效果评价为中等。该自然保护区水域生态修复效果明显,为工程施工影响下水生生物保护区生态修复提供科学依据。     

新疆机采棉加工工艺对棉花质量的影响

为了研究新疆机采棉加工工艺在清理杂质的同时对棉花品质的影响，围绕典型的新疆机采棉加工工艺，从4道籽棉清理前后、轧花前后、3道皮棉清理前后等环节取样、测试，探讨棉花品质指标（含杂率、上半部平均长度、长度整齐度指数、断裂比强度）在新疆机采棉加工过程中的变化规律，分析含杂率与棉纤维上半部平均长度、长度整齐度指数、断裂比强度之间变化的相关性。结果表明：新疆机采棉加工工艺在清理杂质的同时，降低了棉纤维的上半部平均长度、长度整齐度指数、断裂比强度，其中含杂率与棉纤维上半部平均长度、长度整齐度指数相关极显著。认为：以此定量分析为参考依据，结合各地机采棉品质特征调整新疆机采棉加工工艺，增加籽棉清理道次，适当减少皮棉清理道次，可在保证杂质清理效果的同时，提高棉花品质。     

5种生物制剂对马铃薯种薯萌芽、极端天气下植株生长和产量性状的影响

旨在满足马铃薯生产中茬口衔接、机械化生产技术应用、不利气候下稳产等对马铃薯出苗早、齐、壮的需求,以‘费乌瑞它’为供试品种,用基于有益活菌或工程菌提取物的5种生物制剂进行种薯处理,对多重性状进行了对比分析。5种生物制剂较常规化学制剂,均能够不同程度地促进种薯萌芽和芽根同生,出苗期提前2~7天,播种后49天的出苗率提高3.33%~17.78%。其中,表现最好的为酵母核苷酸衍生物和VDAL,种薯萌发和生根均显著高于对照。霜冻后,生物剂拌种处理在恢复前期促进植株生长,由此促进恢复后期的块茎发育,较常规化学处理增产8.39%~24.03%,体现了不同程度的保产效果。多马道黑、酵母核苷酸衍生物、根肽和VDAL体现出较好的保产效果,可作为种薯处理剂投入马铃薯生产。     

Assessing climate change adaptations for community-scale water resources using a low-frequency weather generator

Paddy and Water Environment - Water adaptation strategies are necessary for decreasing climate change impacts on local societies. This study models a community water supply system as a distributed...     

Impact of grassland contract policy on soil organic carbon losses from alpine grassland on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau

Carbon storage in the soils on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau plays a very important role in the global carbon budget. In the 1990s, a policy of contracting collective grasslands to smaller units was implemented, resulting in a change from the traditional collective grassland management to two new management patterns: a multi‐household management pattern (MMP: grassland shared by several households without enclosures) and a single‐household management pattern (SMP: grassland enclosed and used by only one household). In 2016, 50 MMP and 54 SMP winter pastures on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau were sampled to assess the differences in soil organic carbon (SOC) between the two management patterns. Results showed that average SOC was significantly greater under MMP than under SMP, with an estimated 0.41 Mg C/ha/yr lost due to SMP following the new grassland contract. Based on the government's grassland policy, four grassland utilization scenarios were developed for both summer and winter pastures. We found that if the grassland were managed under SMP, likely C losses ranged between 0.31 × 10⁷ and 6.15 × 10⁷ Mg C/yr across the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau relative to MMP, which more closely resembles pre‐1990s grassland management. Previous estimates of C losses have only considered land use change (with cover change) and ignored the impacts driven by land management pattern changes (without cover change). The new data suggest that C losses from the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau are greater than previously estimated, and therefore that the grassland contract policy should be reviewed and SMP households should be encouraged to reunite into the MMP. These findings have potential implications for land management strategies not only on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau but also other grazing regions globally where such practices may exist.     

栽植密度对不同种源芡实生长的影响

对不同栽植密度条件下,不同种源地芡实的生长情况进行了调查研究,结果表明:不同栽植密度间芡实的叶均直径、叶最大直径、果径、果长、果质量、粒数、粒质量均无明显差异,不同栽植密度间产量存在差异;不同种源地间8项物理性状指标均无明显差异;除果长与栽植密度的交互作用对产量无影响外,其余6种性状与栽植密度的交互作用均存在差异,表明交互作用对产量有影响。7种性状与种源地的交互作用下,种源地与产量间的关联不大。     

基于6 000 kg·hm－2以上籽棉产量水平的高产高效理论

提高棉花产量是棉农增收的根本途径，实现6 000 kg·hm^－2以上籽棉高产水平应满足如下群体质量特征要求：品种为环境适应性强、高光效且化调敏感的抗虫杂交种；密度在2.40万～3.00万株·hm^－2范围，棉花总铃数120万～135万；成铃时空均衡分布，伏前桃、伏桃、秋桃分别占5%、45%、50%，上、中、下部成铃各占35%、35%、30%，内、外围铃各占52%、48%。在6 000 kg· hm^－2以上籽棉产量目标下，棉花个体要达到“120壮株型、555超大铃”标准，即株高120 cm以上，高质量成铃时间达到70 d，单株果节120个以上，单株50铃以上，内围成铃占52%、外围成铃占48%，秋桃占50%左右、铃重6 g以上。